Student Name: PICOT Question: In cigarette smokers older than 17 years (P), does nicotine replacement therapy (I), versus using other smoking cessation therapies (C), affect smoking cessation outcomes (O) over a period of three months (T)?  

Criteria	Article 1	Article 2	Article 3	Article 4
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and Permalink or Working Link to Access Article	Buller, D., Halperin, A., Severson, H., Borland, R., Slater, M., Bettinghaus, E., Tinkelman, D., Cutter, G. & Woodall, G. J Public Health Manag Pract., 20(2), E7-E15 doi:  10.1097/PHH.0b013e3182a0b8c7 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3966563/)	Metrik, J., Spillane, N., Leventhal, A. & Kahler, G. Drug Alcohol Depend., 119(3), 194-200 doi:  10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.004 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199036/)	Rath, J., Villanti, A., Abrams, D. & Vallone, D. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 679134 doi: 10.1155/2012/679134 (https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2012/679134/citations/)	Thurgood, S., McNeill, A., Clark-Carter, D. & Brose, L. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18(5), 993-1001. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv127 (https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/18/5/993/2510055)
Article Title and Year Published	Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Quitting by Young Adults in a Trial Comparing Cessation Services. 2014	Marijuana Use and Tobacco Smoking Cessation Among Heavy Alcohol Drinkers. 2011	Patterns of Tobacco Use and Dual Use in US Young Adults: The Missing Link between Youth Prevention and Adult Cessation. 2012	A Systematic Review of Smoking Cessation Interventions for Adults in Substance Abuse Treatment or Recovery 2015
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study	Research question (implied): How useful and effective is nicotine patch in smoking cessation interventions? Aim of the study: Use and effectiveness of nicotine patch was explored in a randomized trial evaluating smoking cessation interventions with this population.	Research question (implied): How does marijuana use affect nicotine smoking cessation efforts for alcohol drinkers? NRS 490 – Literature Evaluation Table & PICOT Question. Aim of the study: To determine whether marijuana use affects smoking cessation outcomes and whether smoking cessation treatment leads to changes in marijuana smoking among alcohol drinkers.	Research question (implied): What is the prevalence of cigarette, other tobacco products, and dual use in a USA nationally representative sample of young adults aged 18–34. Aim of the study: To determine nicotine use prevalence among young adults in the USA	Research questions: (1) what is the effectiveness of different smoking cessation interventions for patients with substance use disorders? (2) what is the impact of smoking cessation treatment on substance use outcomes? Aim of the study: to evaluate the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions for patients with substance use disorders.
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)	Quantitative design that included a pretest and posttest trial with the participants randomized.	Quantitative design that applied a randomized control trial	Quantitative study using online panel data	Qualitative study that relied on literature review of peer-reviewed publications
Setting/Sample	Sample comprised of 3,094 smokers aged 18-30	Sample comprised 236 heavy drinkers of which 57 currently smoked marijuana	Sample comprised 4,201 young adults aged between 18 and 34	Randomized controlled trails published between 1990 and 2014
Methods: Intervention/Instruments	The intervention entails subjecting the treatment group to a two-week nicotine replacement therapy.	The intervention entailed using marijuana as a substitute for tobacco smoking and alcohol use.	The instrument entailed collecting information on whether the participants used nicotine products	The instrument entailed reviewed databases, grey literature, reference lists, and journals
Analysis	Compared the performance of nicotine replacement therapy against other cessation strategies such as medication and counselling.	Comparing tobacco smoking and alcohol use between marijuana smokers and non-marijuana smokers.	Report the sample proportion that used nicotine products against the proportion that did not use nicotine to determine prevalence.	Assessed emerging themes from the peer review.
Key Findings	Greater nicotine replacement therapy use among those who received training than those who did not receive training (12-weeks: 84.3% v. 41.9%, p<.001; 26-weeks: 87.6% v. 51.1%, p<.001).	Marijuana smokers reduced drinking by 47% over an 8-week period, to be followed by 24% reduction in tobacco smoking over the next 18 weeks.	23% of the participants used nicotine of which 30% reported dual use	Nicotine patches, nicotine gum, counselling, contingency management, relapse prevention, cognitive behavioral therapy, nicotine replacement therapy, and bupropion are effective strategies for ensuring smoking abstinence and cessation.
Recommendations	Nicotine replacement therapy should be availed to young adults who seek to cease smoking.	Marijuana smoking presents a viable substitute for tobacco smoking and alcohol use.	There is a need to monitor and implement smoking cessation efforts for young adults in the USA	The discussed strategies should be extensively applied in smoking abstinence and cessation programs.
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone Project	The article supports the present project by providing tangible evidence to show that smoking cessation can be achieved by applying replacement therapy. NRS 490 – Literature Evaluation Table & PICOT Question	The article supports the present project be presenting evidence to support the use of marijuana as tobacco substitute.	The article supports the current project by highlighting the need to addressing smoking as a problem among young adults.	The article supports the current project by indicating that nicotine replacement therapy is effective for smoking cessation programs.

   

Criteria	Article 5	Article 6	Article 7	Article 8
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and Permalink or Working Link to Access Article	Garcia-Rodriguez, O., Secades-Villa, R., Florez-Salamanca, L.m Okuda, M., Liu, S. & Blanco, C. Drug Alcohol Depend., 132(3), 479-485 doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.008 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3723776/)	Chen, J., Nguyen, A., Malesker, M. & Morrow, L. Respiratory Care, 61(5), 640-645. doi: 10.4187/respcare.04439	Hakim, S., Chowdhury, M. & Uddin, J. Preventive Medicine Reports, 8, 122-128. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.08.007 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221133551730133X)	Diemert, L., Bondy, S., Brown, S. & Manske, S. American Journal of Public Health, 103(3), 449-453. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300878
Article Title and Year Published	Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Quitting by Young Adults in a Trial Comparing Cessation Services. 2014	High-Risk Smoking Behaviors and Barriers to Smoking Cessation Among Homeless Individuals. 2016	Correlates of unsuccessful smoking cessation among adults in Bangladesh. 2017	Young Adult Smoking Cessation: Predictors of Quit Attempts and Abstinence. 2013
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study	Research question (implied): What are the estimated relapse rates and predictors to smoking? Aim of the study: to estimate rates of relapse to smoking in the community and to identify predictors of relapse.	Research question (implied): What are the high-risk smoking behaviors and barriers to smoking cessation among homeless individuals? NRS 490 – Literature Evaluation Table & PICOT Question Aim of the study: to present data regarding tobacco use and barriers to smoking cessation among homeless individuals.	Research question (implied): What are the correlates of unsuccessful smoking cessation among adults in Bangladesh? Aim of the study: to identify the correlates of unsuccessful smoking cessation among adults in Bangladesh.	Research question (implied): What are the predictors of young adults smoking cessation behavior? Aim of the study: to determine if young adults smokers require effective and appropriate cessation resources.
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)	Quantitative design that relied on secondary data	Quantitative design that relied on surveys	Quantitative design that relied on secondary from 2009 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) for Bangladesh.	Quantitative design that relied on data from Ontario Tobacco Survey.
Setting/Sample	Data was collected from Waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions	100 smoking individuals residing at a homeless shelter	1552 smokers who are older than 14 years of age.	592 young adult smokers
Methods: Intervention/Instruments	Information on smoking relapse and predictors	Presenting opinions on the research topic	Information on successful and unsuccessful smoking quitters	Information on smoking quit attempts
Analysis	Reported relapse and predictor statistics	Present recurring themes	Statistics on successful and unsuccessful smoking quitters among the participants	Statistics on factors that influence smoking quit attempts
Key Findings	Risk of relapse exceeded 50% within 1 year but dropped to 10% over the next 30 years. NRS 490 – Literature Evaluation Table & PICOT Question	90% of the participants engaged in at least one of the high-risk tobacco practices. Best smoking cessation aid was nicotine replacement therapy. Barriers to smoking cessation included excessive stress and anxiety. NRS 490 – Literature Evaluation Table & PICOT Question	Of the 1552 smokers, 1058 unsuccessfully quit while 494 successfully quit	25% of young adult smokers attempt cessation, and 14% are successful for the first 30 days.
Recommendations	Attention on persons who quit over the last year since they are at highest risk of relapse, although it should be noted that the risk is not eliminated over time.	There is a need to address excessive stress and anxiety as barriers to cessation even as nicotine replacement therapy is applied as the best strategy among homeless individuals.	Cessation programs require an integrated approach to improve successful outcomes	Cessation is predicted by resources, prior attempts and intention. Abstinence is predicted by self-efficacy, resources, support, and level of addiction.
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone	The article supports the project by showing that smoking cessation is a continuous process and the risk of relapse only decreases over time and is not fully eliminated. NRS 490 – Literature Evaluation Table & PICOT Question	The article supports the project by showing that nicotine replacement therapy is an effective strategy for smoking cessation.	The article supports the current project by showing that cessation approaches are influenced by demographic factors such that what works for one group does not necessarily work for another group. As such, it would not be right to assume that nicotine replacement therapy would work for the population of interest since it works for other age groups.	The article supports the current project by presenting factors that influence smoking cessation and are likely to have a destabilizing effect on the current project unless they are controlled.

NRS 490 – Literature Evaluation Table & PICOT Question