Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

As mentioned before, there are different types of personal protective equipment (PPE) that you need to familiarize yourself with and utilize as a nurse.

Essential Types of PPE

The essential PPE in nursing includes:

• Disposable gloves: These protect your hands from germs that may reside on patients’ bodies, and also help to prevent the transmission of germs from your hands to the patient.
• Masks: Masks protect your nose and mouth from any airborne germs. There are different types to suit different needs, such as surgical masks, which shield against large droplets, and N95 masks that filter out smaller particles.
• Face shields and goggles: These are designed to protect your eyes from any infectious material that may spray into your face.

• Gowns: There are different kinds of gowns, including isolation gowns and surgical gowns, that are designed to shield your clothes and body from germs and bodily fluids.
• Shoe covers: These are designed to prevent the spread of germs from the bottom of your shoes.

How to Don and Doff PPE

It’s important to learn the correct method to put on (don) and remove (doff) your equipment to ensure maximum protection and prevent contamination.

1. Donning PPE: Begin with washing your hands thoroughly, then put on your gown first. Next, put on your mask or respirator—ensure it covers your nose and mouth and is secure under your chin. If you’re using goggles or a face shield, put that on next. Finally, put on your gloves, which should cover the cuffs of your gown.
2. Doffing PPE: Begin by removing your gloves, being careful not to touch the outside of the gloves with your bare hands. Then, remove your gown, turning it inside out as you do so. Next, remove your goggles or face shield. Finally, remove your mask or respirator, followed by immediate handwashing.

The incorrect use of PPE can compromise your protection and lead to contamination. Therefore, it’s essential to practice until you get it right. Additionally, remember that PPE is the last line of defense in infection control and not a substitute for other measures such as proper hand hygiene, safe injection practices, and waste handling.

Immunizations for Healthcare Professionals

Maintaining up-to-date immunizations is crucial for nurses and other healthcare professionals. As a front-line defense against infectious diseases, you are not only at higher risk of exposure but can inadvertently transmit diseases to your patients, colleagues, and your family if you’re not adequately immunized. Immunizing healthcare personnel helps to protect vulnerable populations like the elderly, infants, or immuno-compromised patients from potential infections.

Commonly Recommended Immunizations

Here are some common immunizations that are usually recommended for healthcare personnel:

• Influenza (Flu): This is recommended annually for all healthcare personnel to reduce the likelihood of flu outbreaks in healthcare settings.
• Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis): This is recommended every 10 years to protect against these diseases, particularly the highly contagious pertussis (whooping cough).
• MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella): Healthcare personnel born in 1957 or after without evidence of immunity should get two doses of MMR. Those born before 1957 without evidence of immunity should get one dose.
• VAR (Varicella): If you do not have a history of chickenpox or shingles, two doses of varicella are recommended.
• Hepatitis B: This is important if you might come in contact with blood or body fluids. Three doses are typically given.

Please note that your immunization needs may vary depending on your specific role, your work environment, and any existing medical conditions. It is always best to consult with a healthcare professional or your employer’s medical team to make sure you are up to date on all necessary immunizations and that you understand the risks and benefits before consenting to receive any immunizations.

Precautions in Patient Care

In the field of nursing, you’ll be dealing with a diverse range of patients, some with communicable diseases and some without. Understanding and implementing precautions in patient care is essential for the prevention of infection transmission.

Isolation Precautions

Isolation precautions form an integral part of patient care procedures. They are used mainly with patients who are known or suspected to be infected with pathogens that can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact. There are two types of isolation precautions:

• Contact Precautions: Used when working with patients suffering from diseases such as MRSA or C. difficile. These are generally reserved for patients who have conditions that can be spread through direct contact.
• Airborne Precautions: These are used when handling patients with diseases like tuberculosis or chickenpox, which can be spread through the air.

Always remember to properly utilize personal protective equipment, including gloves, masks, and gowns, when implementing isolation precautions.

Standard Precautions

Standard precautions are the minimum infection prevention measures that apply to all patient care, regardless of suspected or confirmed infection status of the patient, in any setting where healthcare is delivered. They include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene, safe injection practices, safe handling of potentially contaminated equipment or surfaces in the patient environment, and sterile instruments and devices. The use of standard precautions ensures that every patient is treated in a way that is safe for them and their healthcare providers. It’s important to note that which precaution to use will largely depend on the patient’s diagnosed or suspected conditions. Always consult infection control guidelines and protocols in your healthcare institution for tailored advice. Being able to navigate through these precautions and apply them in the right circumstances is a crucial part of patient safety and care. It reduces the risk of infection transmission, ensuring a safer environment for both patients and healthcare providers.

Cleaning, Disinfection, and Sterilization

As a nurse, you must understand the procedures of cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization procedures in your healthcare setting.

Understanding the Three Steps

Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization are three separate processes, each crucial for maintaining a safe and germ-free healthcare environment.

1. Cleaning is the first step and involves physically removing dirt, organic matter, and most surface microorganisms. This process alleviates the microbial load and enhances the effectiveness of disinfectants.
2. Disinfection, the second step, involves the use of chemical agents to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. However, these agents may not kill all bacterial spores, hence the necessity to follow it up with sterilization.
3. Sterilization is the final step. This procedure ensures the complete destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life, including bacterial spores, and is typically accomplished using heat, chemicals, or radiation.

Each of these steps follows guidelines issued by health and safety bodies like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Guidelines to Follow

For cleaning, use clean, warm water with a high-quality detergent to physically remove dirt and reduce the number of microorganisms. Don cleaning gloves and change them when moving between different tools or surfaces. In disinfection, follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the chosen disinfectant. It’s important to check the expiration date, correct dilution, and proper contact time of the disinfectant. Remember to be cautious when handling disinfectants, as they can be hazardous. When you are sterilizing surfaces, it’s important to test the integrity of the sterilization process for each load. This helps ensure that the sterilization process is effective and the surfaces are properly disinfected. Additionally, it’s important to keep a record of the sterilization parameters to be accountable for the process. There are particular guidelines for dealing with human waste, blood, and body fluids, including wearing PPE, properly containing the waste, and cleaning the surface with disinfectant.

Importance of These Procedures

These processes are vital as they prevent the spread of infections within the healthcare setting, to both patients and healthcare providers. Properly cleaned, disinfected, and sterilized medical devices aid in reducing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Additionally, they ensure compliance with healthcare laws and guidelines, promoting professionalism within the industry.